Fetal and Infant Effects of Maternal Opioid Use during Pregnancy: A Literature Review including Clinical, Toxicological, Pharmacogenomic, and Epigenetic Aspects for Forensic Evaluation

Fetal and Infant Effects of Maternal Opioid Use during Pregnancy: A Literature Review including Clinical, Toxicological, Pharmacogenomic, and Epigenetic Aspects for Forensic Evaluation

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The two primary classes of opioid substances are morphine and its synthetic derivative, heroin.Opioids can cross the placental barrier, reaching fetal circulation.Therefore, at any gestational age, the fetus is National Archives Services in the Era of Knowledge Society: The Egyptian National Archives Model highly exposed to pharmacologically active opioid metabolites and their associated adverse effects.This review aimed to investigate all the studies reported in a timeframe of forty years about prenatal and postnatal outcomes of opioid exposition during pregnancy.Clinical and toxicological aspects, as First study on microscopic and molecular detection of Acanthocheilonema reconditum and Leishmania infantum coinfection in dogs in Southwest Colombia well as pharmacogenetic and epigenetic research focusing on fetal and infant effects of opioid use during pregnancy together with their medico-legal implications are exposed and discussed.